DSO — Distribution System Operator
Internal Newton–Raphson over a user-supplied grid model; reports aggregate tie flow upstream.
External Tie
Model
Power-flow diagram
slack
PV
PQ
★ external tie
— line thickness ∝ |P|, arrow = P direction
— red = ≥80% rated
Internal Buses
Bus
Type
V (pu)
θ (deg)
P_net (MW)
Q_net (MVAR)